Perhaps the earliest use of the word for a communications system was the telephon created by Johann Sigismund Gottfried Huth in 1796. In later decades, their analog cellular system evolved into digital networks with greater capability and lower cost.Ĭonvergence in communication services has provided a broad spectrum of capabilities in cell phones, including mobile computing, giving rise to the smartphone, the dominant type of telephone in the world today.įurther information: Invention of the telephone and Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone Patent Drawing Replica of the telettrofono, invented by Antonio Meucci and credited by several sources as the first telephone Bell placing the first New York to Chicago telephone call in 1892īefore the development of the electric telephone, the term telephone was applied to other inventions, and not all early researchers of the electrical device used the term. Hand-held mobile phones were introduced for personal service starting in 1973. For greater mobility, various radio systems were developed for transmission between mobile stations on ships and automobiles in the mid-20th century. These exchanges were soon connected together, eventually forming an automated, worldwide public switched telephone network. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were quickly replaced by manually operated centrally located switchboards. The first telephones were directly connected to each other from one customer's office or residence to another customer's location. Telephone calls are initiated most commonly with a keypad or dial, affixed to the telephone, to enter a telephone number, which is the address of the call recipient's telephone in the telecommunication system, but other methods existed in the early history of the telephone. Most telephones also contain an alerting feature, such as a ringer or a visual indicator, to announce an incoming telephone call. Telephones permit transmission in both directions simultaneously. The transmitter converts the sound waves to electrical signals which are sent through the telecommunication system to the receiving telephone, which converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver or sometimes a loudspeaker. The receiver and transmitter are usually built into a handset which is held up to the ear and mouth during conversation. The essential elements of a telephone are a microphone ( transmitter) to speak into and an earphone ( receiver) which reproduces the voice at a distant location. This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in business, government, and in households. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device. A common short form of the term is phone, which came into use early in the telephone's history. The term is derived from Greek: τῆλε ( tēle, far) and φωνή ( phōnē, voice), together meaning distant voice. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. For other uses, see Phone (disambiguation) and Telephone (disambiguation).Īn old rotary dial telephone AT&T push button telephone made by Western Electric, model 2500 DMG black, 1980Ī telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. For the handheld personal computer, see Smartphone.
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